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1246 | 931 | Incremental and Transformative Adaptation to Sea-level rise in Small Island States: prospective research in the Maldives and Fiji. | Beatrice Ruggieri

Sea-level rise represents one of the major challenges for small island states due to their_x000D_
geographical, economic, and political features. Even if climate change uncertainty makes_x000D_
impossible to predict the magnitude of extreme events, some of their consequences would be_x000D_
irreversible especially for island states, leading them to consider adaptation as a pillar of their_x000D_
national climate politics. However, despite its high context-specificity and multi-dimensionality_x000D_
would require ad-hoc, inclusive responses, adaptation continues to remain embedded in a linear,_x000D_
top-down, technocratic paradigm of action, which is proving not only to be insufficient but also_x000D_
harmful to local eco-systems and communities. The dominant political context in which adaptation_x000D_
takes form continue to value incremental adaptation practices – which reinforce existing_x000D_
vulnerabilities – instead of transformative efforts – which view adaptation as an opportunity to ‘to_x000D_
reconfigure the meaning and trajectory of development’ (Pelling, 2011: 167)._x000D_
Within this frame, the aim of this contribution is to discuss two examples of adaptation_x000D_
policies that respectively fall under the two approaches. On the one hand, as an incremental_x000D_
adaptive policy, I would focus on the case of land reclamation projects in the Maldives, presenting_x000D_
preliminary data collected through a desk study and a first two-weeks fieldwork on the island of_x000D_
Magoodhoo (Faafu Atoll, Maldives). On the other hand, I would discuss the case of planned_x000D_
relocation policies in Fiji considering it as a – controversial – transformative adaptation measure by_x000D_
building on first-hand data collected through a three-months fieldwork. In both cases, my_x000D_
methodology included semi-structured interviews and informal conversations with institutional_x000D_
actors and members of local communities as well as an analysis of relevant governmental_x000D_
adaptation policy documents.

Beatrice Ruggieri
University of Milano-Bicocca

 
ID Abstract: 931

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1247 | | Rural urban peripheries: slow dying or a chance for resurrection? | Tibor Kovács (1)

In the (post-) postmodern era in many parts of the European Union (including Hungary), besides the deindustrialisation and multiple de-economisation of certain regions and settlements, this complex phenomenon can be connected and completed with the demographic transformation and decline of towns (population decline/shrinkage, aging society, selective wandering, ethnical conflicts, poverty, lack of financial resources etc.), which can be characterised by the dilemma of ‘decreasing population – decreasing abilities (?)’, let alone the issue of maintaining, developing and making viable such small towns in the middle and the long run.
Because of the forementioned problems in many places of Europe there are rural places, where small towns (and the other settlements) strive for their survival. Demographic changes and their (urban) consequences are real challenges for these small towns; they face complex social, economic and environmental problems and challenges.
The postmodern period requires the existence and adaptation of different resources compared to the economy of the previous period of Fordism. Nowadays, the conditions for local and regional development do not depend only upon hard infrastructures but on soft infrastructures, among which culture occupies a privileged position. Today, motors of competitiveness and sustainable development are parameters like: quality of life, natural environment, social solidarity, cultural activities and services and the broad participation in them by social groups.
The future-oriented, new strategic way of thinking, urban planning (moreover: designing) and implementation focuses not only on material developments with an engineering aspect but it has a complex socio-philosophic approach as well. “It would consciously plan the potential penetration points of the town taking into account the special qualities, endogenous resources, local intellectual potential and the capital involved in the existing cultural symbols and man-made heritage of the given settlement.”
The town is a symbol: “the town is not a mere collection of dimensions given mostly by measurable parameters, perceptible and extended in time and mostly in space, [but] also a separate entity, not or partly comparable with something else, a closed universe which can be comprehended only by its unique qualities.” That’s why there is no universal cure for the maintenance and development of these towns, nor for stopping demographic shrinkage; resilience (based on symbols, man-made heritage or environmental resources) and local culture can provide good conditions to deal with the urban issues raised.   Presentations are required, in English.

Tibor Kovács (1)
(1) 1

 
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1246 | 272 | Sad rivers in the time of Anthropocene. Drying waterscapes and emotional thirst | Chiara Spadaro, Francesco Vallerani

Environmental degradation can have strong effects on psychic stability of a large part of people. Indeed, there is a close link between environment distress and human distress. Nowadays urgent issues are strongly affecting the quality of lived waterscapes, mostly due to the impacts of climate crisis. To date no climate denier position could actually refuse the eloquence of facts like the worldwide increase of extreme droughts and floods. Such human induced alteration of hydrological cycle is furthermore heavily influencing the size and span of snow cover, the extent of permafrost and the endurance of sea ice and glaciers, all affecting ocean rise. In addition to the effects of the relentless atmosphere warming, further concerns are aroused by water pollution, salinization, overconsumption of freshwater supplies. Finally, we can’t forget the misuses due to engineering interventions to change most of river catchments in achieving multiple goals, ranging from water intakes for agriculture to invasive dissections of dams for hydropower plants. Such threats are exacerbated by the noticeable spread of both urban sprawl phenomenon and intensification of agribusiness that is affecting the most densely inhabited plains of the world._x000D_
The main goal of this contribution is to deal not only with drying waterscapes, but also with the serious damages to the common watery sense of place, very often causing a collective anxiety that can degenerate in several states of depressive distress. Rivers’ trauma (physical bleakness) turns into affective trauma (psychological bleakness) when damage to the waterscapes signifies change and erosion in people’s sense of belonging to and identification with their inborn hydrophilia.

Chiara Spadaro, Francesco Vallerani
Chiara Spadaro – Research fellow, Università degli Studi di Udine; Francesco Vallerani – Senior Researcher, Università Ca’ Foscari Venezia

 
ID Abstract: 272

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1246 | 611 | Investigating the scalar politics of adaptation planning on the west coast of Ireland | McGandy, Maeve (PhD Candidate in Geography)

Ireland’s coastline is acutely vulnerable to the impacts of climate change. Increased storm activity, coupled with sea level rise, continues to compound and exacerbate coastal erosion, increasing the risk of flooding. Coastal sand dunes can provide natural protection against storm activity and wave action, buffering against further erosion and flooding inland. However, exposure to escalating climate impacts and increased human activity have contributed to the degradation of coastal sand dunes across Ireland, rendering many dune systems extremely vulnerable, further exposing the coastline. Local communities bear the brunt of such impacts and are integral stakeholders in planning for and responding to such critical challenges pertaining to climate change. Recognising the risks facing coastal environments, settlements, and livelihoods, many coastal communities across Ireland are organising, raising awareness, and driving action to protect and restore their local sand dunes and coastlines. However, a lack of support, information, and fundraising constraints present barriers to action. Insisting upon locally attuned climate action and adaptation raises questions of power, politics, participation and scale, and about the nature of human-environmental relations in an era of planning for climate change. To address such questions requires further exploration of the challenges faced by those situated at the interface between accelerating climate impacts and climate action across scales. Based on findings from a period of participatory action research conducted during a phase of local adaptation planning in response to coastal sand dune erosion, this paper will critically analyse the efficacy of participatory approaches in integrating local knowledge into adaptation plans. Though local in nature, this case study engages stakeholders operating across sites and scales, thus providing an exemplar of the scalar challenge of climate adaptation planning in Ireland and elsewhere.

McGandy, Maeve (PhD Candidate in Geography)
University of Galway

 
ID Abstract: 611

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1245 | 715 | Facing the future: the European rural landscapes and the challenges of the energy transition | Giorgia Bressan (1), Carlos Gonçalves (2), Michel Deshaies (3)

EU countries have a very ambitious objective in terms of the production of electricity from renewable sources which finds its main foundation in the various programs in force aiming to tackle climate change. In addition, the energy crisis following the invasion of Ukraine by Russian troops in February 2022 is offering to renewables an increasingly central role in terms of energy security for EU countries. For instance, in Germany, where a great commitment on renewable energy exists, the government wants to double the installed capacity of onshore wind power by 2030 (from 56 to 115 GW) and increase offshore photovoltaic solar power from 59 GW to 215 GW._x000D_
This great ambition, that will be mainly satisfied by the installation of intermittent energy renewable infrastructures, has strong geographical repercussions. While it is trivial to observe it will imply significant transformations in land use of large portions of the earth’s surface, little can be said about the opportunities and challenges for the territories that will host such projects. In fact, when current renewable energy projects around Europe are analysed, a variety of situations emerge. Not only there are differences concerning the density of the infrastructure on the space, but also in terms of contextual characteristics of the host regions, actors involved in the projects, acceptability by local community members, to name just a few._x000D_
This contribution aims to reflect on the complexities of studying the impacts of renewable energy projects developed in rural areas. We argue that the identification of the key characteristics of the host regions, and in particular a deep understanding of the past or present role of the agricultural activity in such contexts, is strongly needed in order to predict the economic, socio-demographic, environmental impacts that the energy transition projects will have.

Giorgia Bressan (1), Carlos Gonçalves (2), Michel Deshaies (3)
(1) Università degli Studi di Roma “Tor Vergata”, Rome, Italy, (2) Universidade de Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal, (3) Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France

 
ID Abstract: 715

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1245 | 745 | What we call energy transition, they call survival. Solar energy for rural communities in Malawi, a case study. | Alberto Corbino

While 450 million Europeans are becoming familiar with the Green Deal’s new roadmap-mantra of the energy transition, and their governments are arguing about the alleged immigration emergency, over 770 million inhabitants of the planet do not have access to electricity (WEF) and 2 billion people live without safely managed drinking water services, including 1.2 billion people lacking even a basic level of service (UNICEF, WHO). “Water for energy; energy for water — as independent sectors and through their inextricable linkages – water and energy are key drivers of economic growth and social development. Benefits include poverty reduction, improvements in health and education, and a reduction in inequalities” (UN University, 2015). The two issues are closely related: economic development without electricity and water means survival._x000D_
This is the premise to a case study in the rural areas of Malawi: solar panels to produce electricity, that is also necessary to draw and distribute water efficiently. It is based on a field experience of the author, observing for years the work of a Dutch NGO which installs photovoltaic solar panels on small hospitals, clinics, schools, agri-cooperatives. Therefore, starting from the analysis of the territorial context, including the education policies, the presentation describes the different steps of the model: the request for the intervention, the involvement of the community, the realization of the plant, the measurement of results. Assuming the application of this model on a national scale, based on robust data provided by the Malawi National Statistics Office, this work will outline a possible scenario for a reborn Malawi, where electricity supply and the consequent regular distribution of water will be considered acquired rights, at least in the education and health contexts._x000D_

Alberto Corbino
Dipartimento di Scienze Politiche, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II

 
ID Abstract: 745

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1246 | | Sea-level rise: challenges and adaptation strategies | Federico Martellozzo (1); Lucia Ferrone (1); Filippo Randelli (1); Katarzyna (Kate) Negacz (2)


Future predictions show that sea-level rise will become an increasing concern for urban infrastructure, regional industries, and rural areas, where it will affect food security and sustainability. Beside local sea-level rise, climate-induced change in extreme wind and wave conditions can influence extreme sea levels significantly in some regions.
On coastal areas, the coupled effects of sea-level rise and more frequent severe droughts are likely to severely affect soil’s biocapacity and thus endanger food systems’ resilience (FAO, 2011; IPCC, 2017; WMO, 2018), with projected yield losses

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. Strategies of adaptation to the effects of sea-level rise are therefore crucial to the survival and resilience of our productive systems.
This section invites papers that study the effects of sea-level rise and potential adaptation strategies. Papers can concern simulation and projections, either global or regional, case studies of adaptation strategies and/or effects of sea-level rise, and policy analysis.  
 

Federico Martellozzo (1); Lucia Ferrone (1); Filippo Randelli (1); Katarzyna (Kate) Negacz (2)
(1) Department of Economics and Management, University of Florence, (2) Institute for Environmental Studies (IVM), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (VU)

 
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1246 | 110 | The threat of sea-level rise for island nations. Toward new form of statelessness ? | Etienne Piguet

Alarmist publications have forecast that numerous Nation-States will be put under threat of disappearing by rising sea levels related to global warming. Such a situation would imply a form of statelessness never before experienced in history. In this paper we examine the available literature on that topic, clarifie confusing concepts, and present basic geographic data allowing us to estimate the accuracy of the danger. We then enumerate possible policy paths to face climatic statelessness from very pragmatic dykes such as the one erected around the Maldives to sci-fi solution such as the replication of the State in the metaverse recently announced by Tuvalu. This paper will be an updated version of Piguet, E. (2019) Climatic Statelessness: Risk Assessment and Policy Options. Population and Development Review, 45, 865-883.

Etienne Piguet
Institute of Geography – University of Neuchâtel (Switzerland)

 
ID Abstract: 110

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1246 | 160 | Soil salinity and its economic effects: a Machine Learning approach | Matteo Dalle Vaglie

Soil salinity is one of the most significant problems for agriculture. The phenomenon occurs when soils accumulate excessive amounts of salts, compromising the fertility and productivity of crops. Salinity can be caused by natural phenomena (such as soil erosion) or human activity (such as the use of fertilizers or irrigation with saline water)._x000D_
The creation of a Machine Learning model for predicting the salinity of Italian soils can be a valuable tool for land management and identifying areas at risk. Thanks to the large amount of data available, predictive analysis techniques can be used to identify correlations between factors that influence salinity (such as soil type, groundwater presence, rainfall, temperature) and the salt concentration in the soil. The model thus created could be used to build a European soil salinity map, useful for farmers and entities responsible for land management._x000D_
The economic analysis of soil salinization highlights how this represents a serious problem for European agriculture, with damages estimated at several billion euros each year. Reduced crop productivity, decreased quality of agricultural products, and increased production costs are just some of the consequences of soil salinity. Moreover, the presence of uncultivable land due to salinity results in a loss of land value and a negative impact on tourism and activities related to the rural landscape._x000D_

Matteo Dalle Vaglie
University of Florence

 
ID Abstract: 160

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1245 | 67 | The rural landscape of Maestrat (València, Spain): a thousand-year-old olive system threatened by green energies. | Joan Carles Membrado-Tena

This paper deals with the Maestrat olive-growing system in Mediterranean Spain, on the northern tip of València, neighbouring Catalonia. The Maestrat olive-growing system is analysed -through fieldwork, interviews and literature review- on the basis of an evaluation method of its landscape and heritage quality. The particular environmental conditions (soil and climate) of the Maestrat restrict the quality of its olive oil, which is mostly processed and marketed through co-operatives and is only financially plausible thanks to CAP aid. Only a small part of the producers has opted for a sustainable and quality production, local sales, closeness to the territory and landscape preservation. _x000D_
Almost all the olive crops in the Maestrat is dry-farmed and indigenous olive varieties predominate. Landscape is, generally, well preserved. Moreover, this olive-growing area (with its contiguous area in Southern Catalonia) has the highest density of thousand-year-old olive trees in the world. For this reason, it was recognised by the FAO in 2018 as GIAHS (Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems). _x000D_
In general, most farmers are mainly concerned with economic returns, but there are some who have mobilised to preserve the landscape, preventing the plundering of thousand-year-old olive trees or opposing the installation of large wind or photovoltaic power plants that fragment and distort the landscape._x000D_
For the time being, no large photovoltaic projects are planned in the olive-growing area of Maestrat, although there are some small projects on the periphery, which do not affect the best farmland. However, a few kilometres south of this area, the construction of a huge 400-hectare photovoltaic plant has just been approved, which means the destruction of 60,000 almond trees. Apart from the degradation of the landscape, this would put an end to the agri-food sector, which is the most important of the region. In the olive-growing region of Maestrat, some farmers are worried about

Joan Carles Membrado-Tena
Universitat de València

 
ID Abstract: 67

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