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1244 | Water in the Anthropocene: social issues, policies and governance | Joaquim Farguell Pérez (1); Sylvain Rode (3); Sylvain Dournel (2); Albert Santasusagna Riu (1)

Water is absolutely necessary for any living being on Earth. Indeed, humans have been using it since the dawn of civilization for drinking, fishing, irrigation or food and power supply. However, the deepest transformation and alteration of the water cycle, rivers, underground water or other water bodies has occurred during the 19th and the 20th century, in the so-called Anthropocene period (population growth, city expansion, increasing need for water supply and irrigation demand). On the other side, massive drainage operations and the increasing of hydropower production in a current climate emergency context have led to a strong depletion of wetlands and water resources. In a geohistorical approach, what are the economic, political and social causes of this change? What are their dynamics and spatial expressions? And now, how we could address this scenario? How to manage water resources while safeguarding fluvial ecosystems and water bodies in general? How to learn and promote new forms of sustainability in water management? What are the restoration projects of degraded water ecosystems? What are the related reference states? Which of them make sense considering spatil dynamics of territories?In this session we would like to apply a scientific, governance or policy applications point of view to analyze, discuss and understand the scenarios we are exposed to, and the territorial actions that restore degraded water bodies ecosystems from the damage caused during the Anthropocene. This session will accept communications in English/French.

Joaquim Farguell Pérez (1); Sylvain Rode (3); Sylvain Dournel (2); Albert Santasusagna Riu (1)
(1) Universitat de Barcelona, (2) Université d’Orléans, (3) Université de Perpignan Via Domitia

 
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1243 | 702 | AI and Visual Geographies: A Study of Stereotypes and Power Asymmetries in the Visual Portrayal of Migrants Across ten Countries | Camilla Spadavecchia and Juan Sebastian Olier Jauregui


The visual portrayal of groups in media reinforces stereotypes, potentially leading to discriminatory actions. That is particularly true for stigmatized groups such as migrants

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. Further, this representation is marked by the relationship between space and society. For instance, contextual events in different countries influence the migrants’ portrayal in media. Therefore, it is critical to study the difference in the migrants’ portrayal among countries. Yet, there is a lack of comparative studies analyzing the portrayals of migrants in different media outlets and countries differing in their political and media systems, net migration figures, and migration policies. This study aims to fill this gap by investigating the portrayal of migrants across ten countries with diverse political and media systems and migration figures. It does so with an interdisciplinary approach to the visual portrayal of migrants using Deep Learning techniques and analyzing results through the lenses of migration and gender studies and visual geography. We have analyzed the demographic and emotional information of the people portrayed in 18.000 pictures across ten countries using an intersectional approach (including gender, age, physical features, and emotions). The portrayals of the general group “migrants” were compared with those of the specific groups “refugees” and “expats”. Results show differences in the portrayal of groups within and between countries. The demographics in the portrayals do not match the official statistics. The general portrayal of migrants predominantly associates them with asylum seekers, and migrants are mostly depicted as crowds. For expats, we found an over-representation of “white” and an under-representation of “Asian” faces, while for migrants and refugees, depictions align with the demographics of low-skilled migrants. Women are portrayed as younger than men. All these effects differ per location.

Camilla Spadavecchia and Juan Sebastian Olier Jauregui
Tilburg University

 
ID Abstract: 702

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1243 | 833 | International student mobility, internationalisation and student experiences: the case of Latvia | Elina Apsite Berina, Eero Loonurm, Liga Daniela Robate

The Baltic nations have grown economically and socially in the previous two decades, increasing the number of international students seeking higher education. Mobile students enrolled at HEI have increased in the last twenty years. In the case of Latvian institutions, the number has nearly tripled, accounting for over 13% of all students. Mobile students are also on the rise in Lithuania and Estonia, accounting for around 6% of all students in Lithuania and 12% in Estonia.
This study aims to investigate the existing experience of mobile students in Latvia, Estonia and Lithuania and their future goals, as well as to analyse the mobility tendencies of international students for studies in the Baltics.
This study employs a mixed-method approach that combines statistical data analysis with an in-depth investigation of knowledge co-creation workshops for the Latvian case study. At the end of 2022, a co-creation seminar titled “Is Latvia welcoming to international students?” brought together policymakers, institutional representatives, scientists, and international students. Thematically, the session focused on destination choice, formalities before and during the Latvia stay, social and cultural interaction, and future goals.
The findings indicate that Baltic countries are recognised ISM destinations. However, it is often not their first choice. Higher education institutions representing the region or separate national states are promoted at various international educational export events and active digital marketing, including the studyinlatvia.lv, studyinestonia.ee and studyin.lt websites are maintained to attract students in the Baltic States.

Elina Apsite Berina, Eero Loonurm, Liga Daniela Robate
University of Latvia

 
ID Abstract: 833

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1243 | 510 | Racist assaults and the self-silencing discourse among immigrants; the impact of social inequalities on Muslim women students | Dr Soudeh Ghaffari

Gender as a category intersect with other categories of social identity, such as sexuality, ethnicity, social position and geography. In this research I mainly draw on the discourse-historical approach (DHA) (Reisigl and Wodak, 2016) of Critical Discourse Studies (CDS) to integrate the available cultural and social background information of our rapidly changing societies to investigate how the marginalisation of women is accomplished through text, talk and social practices. In this study, I interviewed ten young Muslim women students across the UK who are immigrated from the Middle East and North Africa. This study aims to examine how Muslim women students experience Islamophobic racism and respond to it by exploring how seven of these ten women migrants experience a range of aggressive forms of physical assault or an in-person confrontation while all of them experienced discrimination and marginalization. This detailed analysis distinguishes an ongoing thematic tension between two issues of religion and identity which concerns the socio-cultural and emotional experiences highlighted by these women who have marginal voices in expressing their cultural experiences in their new host society, the UK. Given that in present times the increasingly complex issues of gender, power and ideology have become sustain through language use, it is necessary for discursive work to continue to amplify the work (being) done by social movements to challenge unequal social discourses, demolish oppressive gendered arrangements and reconstruct emancipatory resistance in various contexts._x000D_
Reisigl, M., & Wodak, R. (2016). The discourse-historical approach (DHA). In R. Wodak & M. Meyer (Eds.), Methods of critical discourse analysis (3rd ed.) (pp.23–62). London: Sage._x000D_

Dr Soudeh Ghaffari
Newcastle University

 
ID Abstract: 510

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1243 | 595 | The intensity of depopulation in Poland in the last twenty years | Justyna Wilk (1), Marzena Walaszek (1)

The total population of Poland is relatively stable and does not show significant fluctuations over time. Nevertheless, there are many areas throughout the country that are affected by depopulation i.e., the process of successive or random reduction of a human population. Depopulation affects local territorial units (e.g., cities) but also entire regions (e.g., rural areas) or countries. This can be a consequence of numerous demographic (e.g., low fertility), economic (e.g., out-migration of young people in search of work), social (e.g., poor health care), political (e.g., wars), and environmental (e.g., natural disasters) problems._x000D_
The aim of our paper is to present the intensity of depopulation in Poland in the last twenty years and its spatial diversity. First, we diagnose the areas of depopulation that show a negative actual increase. Then, we classify depopulating areas by net migration and natural increase to see which of the two factors was more pronounced. We also look for demographic reasons for depopulation, such as high mortality, suburbanization, etc. Finally, the demographic consequences of depopulation, such as changes in population dynamics and structure, are shown for various types of settlement systems. We conclude with the challenges of depopulation across the country.

Justyna Wilk (1), Marzena Walaszek (1)
1. Faculty of Human Geography and Planning, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan (Poland)

 
ID Abstract: 595

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1243 | 504 | The spatial structure of fertility at the level of NUTS 2 regions in the European Union | Péter Uhljár

In the past decades the insufficient fertility level have been causing an increasing problem in the EU. The actuality of this issue is proved by the phenomenon of natural decreasing. Since 2012 the EU itself has not been able to maintain its population because the number of life births does not reach the level of mortality._x000D_
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In my resarch I reveal the change of indicators connecting to the childbearing attitudes between 2010 and 2020 at the geographic level of NUTS 2 regions in the EU. By this means it is possible to depict the development trajectories of regions and also the scale of inequalities that emerged in the spatial structure of fertility in this period._x000D_
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As for the trajectories the dependent variables are the total fertility rate, the average age of mothers at childbirth (due to the postponement effects) and finally an indicator for measuring the polarisation within the regions that is based on the method of so called modal or bimodal fertility curves._x000D_
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Among the independent variables – according to the demographic literature (DeRose, 2021; Lesthaeghe & Willems, 1999) – we can find the economic background (GDP per capita, unemployment), the reconciliation of childbearing and working (the proportion of women with tertiary qualification, the possibilites of pre-school education) as well as the urban-rural contrast (population density) as socioeconomic dimensions._x000D_
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In the second phase of my research I applyied for such regional analytic methods like the Hoover or the Dual indexes for determining the changes in the inequalities as for fertility rate between 2010 and 2020. _x000D_
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Accordingly my research questions are: what kind of transition can be observed in the fertility pattern at the level of NUTS 2 regions in the EU? What regions showed the most extreme fertility trends? What factors explain these extremities?

Péter Uhljár
Corvinus University of Budapest, Department of Geography and Planning

 
ID Abstract: 504

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1243 | Demographic and migration challenges: new knowledge and solutions | Zaiga Krisjane (1); Maris Berzins (1); Elina Apsite Berina (1)

Every society is affected significantly and permanently by demographic changes and their interactions with migration. In a world that is constantly changing and becoming more connected, Europe is confronted by several interrelated threats, including depopulation, excess mortality, healthcare risks associated with the COVID-19 pandemic, social inequality, public unrest, and various migration emergencies (Kashnitsky, Aburto 2020; Florida 2021).
Demographic changes can have both positive and negative impacts on society. The influx of new people can create a more diverse population, leading to greater creativity, innovation and economic growth. Migration can also provide access to new resources and skills, as migrants bring fresh ideas and perspectives. However, demographic changes can also cause a number of problems. For instance, rapid population growth can place a strain on resources and infrastructure. In addition, if not managed correctly, migration can lead to cultural clashes, increased competition for jobs, and increased social tensions. To manage demographic changes and the associated risks, governments must develop policies responsive to their citizens’ changing needs. This includes ensuring access to quality education and healthcare, implementing measures to reduce inequality, and developing strategies for integrating migrants. Demographic changes and migration are inevitable and can positively and negatively impact society. Governments take proactive steps to ensure that these changes are managed to benefit all citizens. Numerous European countries experience abrupt changes in all three major demographic processes: fertility, mortality, and migration (Fihel, Okolski 2020). One of Europe’s crucial concerns for urban and regional development is the effects of demographic changes. Europe is experiencing a population drop.
Within the session, we would like to invite scholars who can contribute to the new knowledge and offer evidence-based solutions to the demographic and migration challenges. We are interested but not limited to the following topics:
Migration
Population decline
Social inequalities. Provide a comprehensive understanding of the social inequalities across different social groups and spatial contexts.
Urbanization. Analyse urbanization processes, their drivers, and their effects on societies to identify and measure the factors that shape the development of cities and urban areas.
Population health. Create a comprehensive, interdisciplinary research framework for understanding the relationships between population health and complex social, economic, and environmental factors.
Ageing. Develop a comprehensive understanding of the implications of population ageing and its implications for social, economic, and political spheres.

Zaiga Krisjane (1); Maris Berzins (1); Elina Apsite Berina (1)
(1) University of Latvia

 
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1243 | 101 | The descendants of immigration in Spain: a portrait with the 2021 population census | Jordi Bayona-i-Carrasco & Andreu Domingo

In the 21st century, Spain has experienced two stages of strong international migratory growth, the first since the beginning of the century, which ended with the Great Recession, and a second during the years prior to Covid-19, which would continue to show high migratory inflows once the effects of the pandemic had been overcome. As a result, Spain has more than seven and a half million immigrants, representing 15.9% of the total population, with a high diversity of origins and uneven territorial distribution. As a result of the longevity of the flows, the volume of descendants, a population group whose main characteristics are as yet unknown, has also recently increased. Thanks to the recent publication of the 2021 Population Census and the associated survey ECEPOV (Survey of Essential Characteristics of the Population and Dwellings, ECEPOV-2021), where the place of origin of the parents is asked for the second time (also appeared in the 2011 Census), a new tool is available that allows us to know their socio-demographic characteristics. Thus, around 2.65 million people born in Spain have at least one parent born abroad, 6.5% of the population and more than 30% of children under three years of age. Given their growing importance, this paper will explore their main characteristics according to the origin of their parents (differentiating between those with both parents born outside Spain and those with one of them autochthonous) and place of residence, comparing for older ones their educational and employment profiles with the Spanish-born population of the same age.

Jordi Bayona-i-Carrasco & Andreu Domingo
Departament de Geografia (UB) and Centre d’Estudis Demogràfics/CED & Centre d’Estudis Demogràfics/CED

 
ID Abstract: 101

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1243 | 176 | Migrations in Croatia after the accession to the EU | Vera Graovac Matassi

Population decline has been one of the most prominent demographic processes in Croatia in the last 30 years. Although natural decrease has long been a major driver of depopulation in Croatia, negative net migration came to prominence particularly after the Croatia’s accession to the EU in 2013. In the last intercensal period (2011–2021) Croatia lost 413,056 inhabitants (-9.6%), out of which 34.2% was due to natural decrease and 65.8% due to negative net migration._x000D_
This paper focuses on emigration from and immigration to Croatia from 2013, and provides and insight on the age structure of the migrants, major destination countries of the emigrants and countries of origin of the immigrants, and their citizenship. After the Croatian accession to the EU, the emigration from Croatia largely intensified toward the EU countries, predominantly to Germany, which provided equal opportunities and access to labor market to Croatian nationals in 2015. In comparison to the previous period, in this period particular increase of emigrants was recorded among the children and young adults, which indicates that the whole families emigrated._x000D_
Due to immense outflow of working age population, the national economy was faced with the shortage of labor force, particularly in public healthcare sector, construction, tourism and hospitality, and metal industry. Consequently, the country started to attract an increasing number of immigrants, particularly male working force, and has become dependent on migrant workers in certain sectors.

Vera Graovac Matassi
University of Zadar, Department of Geography, Zadar, Croatia

 
ID Abstract: 176

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1243 | 329 | The role of immigrants settlement pattern in employment and unemployment differentiation in European capitals | Daria Shatilo


For four chousen European capitals (London, Paris, Madrid, Berlin), it was revealed that the hypothesis of employment and migrants’ microgeography the relationship is not always confirmed._x000D_
London is distinguished by the difference between east and west, which is visible in the unemployment rate. Neighborhoods with a high newly employed migrants proportion partly coincide with those where unemployment is high, and partly with areas where there are many migrants (but not always)

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. There are quarters where there are many unemployed in different London parts, more often in the east (a whole array). The new migrant workers proportion in working age was found. The high new migrant workers share where unemployment is high or there are many migrants. On the outskirts where white British live, there is little work for migrants._x000D_
In Paris, the leader in unemployment is the north is Seine-Saint-Denis Department with 18% of unemployment, in some places up to 27%. These are areas of social and dilapidated housing, sometimes to this day industrial, poor, with a people from Africa abundance._x000D_
In Madrid, unemployment also correlates with the immigrants’ resettlement mostly in the south. But in some places it is high both in the center and in other areas._x000D_
Berlin is characterized by differences between the eastern and western parts of the city, with the east standing out for the better, where unemployment is less. At the same time, the contrasts are more noticeable between the quarters._x000D_

Daria Shatilo
Institute of Scientific Information for Social Sciences of the Russian Academy of Sciences (INION RAN)

 
ID Abstract: 329

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