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1268 | 625 | Nuclear modernization promises and the politics of landscape production in rural Wales | Audrey Sérandour and Teva Meyer

Nuclear power plants (NPP) in rural areas had been qualified as “nuclear oasis”, whose “remoteness, economic marginality, powerlessness and environmental degradation” (Blowers, 1999) facilitated the local acceptance of the industry promises for modernization, development, and economic progress. Recent research has shown that this depiction of nuclear communities as “locked into a servile and dependent relationship with the nuclear industry” (Bickerstaff, 2022) reproduces a stigmatizing narrative which invisibilize local actors’ capacities of resistance. The apparent higher “culture of nuclear acceptance” (Vilhunen et al., 2019) of rural areas must thus be questioned through a sensible attention to the concrete negotiations and controversies triggered by these promises at the local scale._x000D_
To do so, our paper focuses on the installation of Wylfa NPP, in the northernmost tip of Anglesey Island (Wales). In the early 1960s, the NPP was promoted as a promise for rural modernization in regions suffering from industrial decline. Informed by the materialist turn of energy research (Balmaceda et al., 2019), this paper studies the debate over the anticipated material consequences of these modernization promises on the landscape. We analyze the NPP construction as “politics of landscape production”. Data were gathered through semi-directive interviews and archival research in Anglesey in autumn 2022._x000D_
Results show that promises of modernization were not fully accepted and that controversies arose between actors, local and national, on how to integrate the Wylfa NPP in the landscape. Imaginaries of rural transformation collided with narratives on landscape and identity conservation. Negociations led to a landscaping of the site trying to respect both the characteristic physiognomy of Anglesey and the technical needs. However, the infrastructure has not been completely hidden: the promise of modernization also includes the unveiling of the construction site to the public.

Audrey Sérandour and Teva Meyer
Université de Haute-Alsace, CRESAT (France)

 
ID Abstract: 625

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1268 | 609 | The fossil machine and its disablement | Marco Grasso; Daniel Delatin Rodrigues

Much of the opposition to the decarbonization of socio-economic systems is led and driven by the fossil fuel industry and a heterogeneous galaxy of actors that support it: governments and policymakers at various levels, formal institutions, industry representatives, labor unions, other fossil fuel-dependent industries, the financial system, managerial elites, epistemic communities, the military, public relations firms, think tanks, political pundits, private foundations, and the media and communications. This ‘fossil machine’ pervades and operates in all socio-economic spheres through multiple and coordinated strategies and tactics to influence public opinion, the media, and politicians to resist, thwart, slow down, or block meaningful actions to transition to sustainability._x000D_
A first objective of this contribution is to shed light on (i) the socio-political-institutional-economic-cultural-environmental conditions in which the fossil machine is born and moves; (ii) the processes of construction and architecture of the fossil machine; (iii) its strategies and tactics of infiltration into different socio-economic spheres; (iv) the implications of fossil machine’s resistance for climate action; and (v) attempts to oppose the fossil machine and examples of exfiltration._x000D_
Based on this theoretical mapping a second objective of this contribution is to investigate the disablement practices employed to terminate the fossil machine of energy plants in Civitavecchia – the long-standing ‘fossil energy’ city close to Rome, Italy – whose planned coal to gas conversion was recently abandoned. To this end, the contribution specifies the notions and potential of ‘destabilisation’ and ‘disruption’ and use them to examine how multiple agents disabled the fossil machine under scrutiny. It then goes on to frame the practices of destabilisation and disruption occurred in Civitavecchia within a broad societal framework articulated in ‘axes of disablement’.

Marco Grasso; Daniel Delatin Rodrigues
University of Milan-Bicocca

 
ID Abstract: 609

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1268 | 365 | Technological hype, promises and expectations: Discussion on Small Modular Reactors in Helsingin Sanomat (Finland) in 2000-2022 | Mika Kari, Tapio Litmanen, Matti Kojo, Markku Lehtonen

Science and Technology Studies (STS) have shown that techno-scientific promises and expectations are strong socio-political forces having performative power in shaping the trajectories of modern societies. The perspective accentuates importance of understanding construction and evolution of technological future scripts and technological hype cycles. _x000D_
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In the past seen as a herald of progress, a comprehensive solution to the grand problems of society, nuclear energy is today portrayed as a temporary “bridge solution” or alternatively key component of diverse visions of sustainable energy futures. In course of time nuclear promises have been recurrently revived and reshaped, in response to new challenges and scenarios. The latest in the series of promises are the Small Modular Reactors (SMRs) – reactors with a capacity of 10-300 MW, with commercial serial production expected by 2030. Smaller in unit size and produced via modular assembly-line model, SMRs are supposed to be cheaper, safer, and quicker to deploy than today’s large nuclear megaprojects, whose construction has faced formidable difficulties in the West. Additionally SMRs are considered inherently invulnerable to Chernobyl or Fukushima style large scale catastrophic failures due their small size. _x000D_
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We apply the perspective of sociology of expectations to analyse intertwining of SMR hype and SMR promises and examine 1) the quantity SMR articles and texts published in a leading Finnish daily newspaper during the period 2000-2022, 2) the technological hype periods which can be found in the data, 3) the article themes causing the most SMR mentions, and 4) what is the “hype language” of the Finnish newspaper like? On a theoretical level the aim is gain more understanding on how hype and promises are intertwined in the print media and how we should distinguish between quantitative hype cycle and a semantic hype cycle, which do not necessarily go together.

Mika Kari, Tapio Litmanen, Matti Kojo, Markku Lehtonen
University of Jyväskylä, LUT university, Pompeu Fabra University

 
ID Abstract: 365

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1268 | 433 | The imagined resource: between promise and conflict around a lithium reservoir in southern Peru. | Sayuri Andrade Toma


This paper will explore, based on the concept of resource imaginaries, the discourses, promises and tensions generated by the discovery of lithium reserves in a community in the southern Peruvian Andes, in the region of Puno, and how these are framed in the context of the most important socio-political conflict in our recent history

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In 2017, the Canadian company Macusani Yellowcake found, almost by chance, the deposit in a lake that covers the districts of Macusani and Corani, an area near the border with Bolivia. However, the project has been suspended because the lithium found is associated with uranium, and the country has neither the technology to process it nor a legal framework to regulate its exploitation, taking into account the risk of radiation it would entail. _x000D_
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The promise of lithium as a strategic resource linked to “development and national sovereignty” was made official in 2021 through the law that declared the exploitation and industrialization of this resource and its derivatives to be of national interest. The discourse constructed by the government did not manage to become hegemonic at that time, nor was it legitimized by a social majority. However, in the south of the country, where the deposit is located and marked by extractivism and permanent cycles of conflict, the expectations surrounding the future exploitation have only increased. _x000D_
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“We are not going to allow even one kilo of lithium to come out if it is not first industrialized in Puno and if there is no direct benefit for the whole region”, declared a few days ago the representative of the native communities of the area. To summarize, based on a bibliographic review and interviews to key actors, I will analyze the multiplicity of visions and metaphors constructed by different stakeholders regarding the future of the exploitation, still imaginary, of the longed-for resource that has become one of the main demands of recent social mobilizations.

Sayuri Andrade Toma
Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú

 
ID Abstract: 433

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1268 | 514 | A nuclear renaissance? The unsustainability of nuclear power from a river perspective | Alicia Gutting

The increasingly noticeable effects of climate change are leading to increased advocacy of nuclear energy. Even though the so-called nuclear renaissance has come to an abrupt halt, especially due to the Fukushima disaster, proponents of nuclear energy are promoting it as an inevitable solution to decarbonise electricity production. Yet it has been known since the 1960s that waste heat from nuclear power plants has devastating effects on river ecosystems. Despite the fact that countries like Germany and Switzerland have taken measures to limit the thermal load of the Rhine and Aare, the Rhine is still the most thermally polluted river in the world in relation to its water resources. This raises the question of whether the socio-technical promise of sustainability of the current nuclear power plants is at all tenable from a river perspective._x000D_
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On this basis, this paper explores the (un)sustainability of riverine nuclear energy in past, present, and future, tracing its evolution over time from the early days of nuclear planning and construction to today’s – as of yet unfulfilled – dreams of a “nuclear renaissance”. We look at several European rivers that underwent nuclearization from the 1950s onwards, reconstructing the often-harsh struggles among a diverse group of actors for access to sufficient volumes of cooling water, the fight against “thermal pollution”, the negotiations about allowed temperature limits, and the emergence of technical fixes such as cooling towers and artificial lakes as – partly successful, partly failed – solutions to such problems._x000D_
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Alicia Gutting is a Ph.D. candidate in the ERC Nuclearwaters project, led by Per Högselius at the Division of History of Science, Technology and Environment at KTH Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm. Her research focuses on the environmental impact of nuclear power on the Rhine River as well as the risk debates around it._x000D_

Alicia Gutting
KTH Royal Institute of Technology

 
ID Abstract: 514

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1268 | 567 | Renewable energy production: unveiling the agencies and the intertwined socio-technical dynamics in the construction of urban development projects | Alena Coblence, Hélène Nessi

This paper focuses on the different elements that influence the decision-making of one technological solution favouring the energy transition rather than another within the urban development project (UDP). With a socio-technical approach to change, we consider the social and technical dimensions to be inseparable in understanding the organization of energy metabolism and its transformations. We build on the idea that change does not occur only because it is technically possible, but also because it is “socially desired” by actors likely to make their interests prevail. Technologies are thus one of the elements of market arrangements which are put in place following new regulations. With a multi-level governance approach, we analyse the influences of European commitments on the evolution of technological choices, and we examine how French government decisions encourage or constrain the adoption of technological solutions by the actors of the UDP. More specifically, we focus on the question of stability and change that inevitably accompanies the energy transition. This transition, driven by policies, is formalized by top-down normative regulations that confront the reluctance, interests, and habits of actors in the production chain and require changes both in professional practices, but also in the scales of intervention. In doing so, we unveil the creating, shaping, maintaining, or deconstructing agencies of urban project’s actors. By analysing this evolution since 2005, we note complementary and/or competing interactions between the different technological solutions and the repercussions of these dynamics on the process of “making” the UDP, e.g., the effect of ‘Thermic regulation 2012′ on the use of centralised heating networks, the rise of biomass, the popularity and abandonment of photovoltaic, or the effect of ‘Environmental regulation 2020’ impacting the choice of materials, technologies (e.g., the heat pump) and bringing up the question of circular economy.

Alena Coblence, Hélène Nessi
Paris Nanterre University

 
ID Abstract: 567

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1268 | The making of (un)sustainable futures through socio-technical promising | Markku Lehtonen (1); Tapio Litmanen (2)

This session invites papers on the role of techno-scientific promises in shaping the future trajectories, sociotechnical landscapes, territories, and ultimately entire societies in their efforts towards sustainability. The session also explores the roles the various promissory communities and their contestants in shaping the construction and consequences of such promises.

A techno-scientific promise can include relatively vague visions (“umbrella promises”) like those relating to broad energy transitions or to a generic technology category (e.g. wind energy, nanotechnology, or artificial intelligence), but also expectations concerning a specific technology design (e.g., a novel nuclear reactor design), its cost and likely deployment time, etc. Promises are not mere talk or discourse – they make things happen, by aligning actors, institutions, and capital; they guide activities, provide structure and legitimacy, help attract interest and foster investment (Borup et al. 2006; Joly 2010; van Lente 2012). Promises are collectively constructed, being institutionalised in, for example, policies, laws, regulation, and funding decisions. They are materialised in for instance R&D projects, prototypes, and commercial applications (Parandian et al. 2012). To be institutionalised and materialised, a promise needs to gain legitimacy by addressing a widely recognised societal problem, and credibility by demonstrating its practical viability (Joly 2010). The construction of promises typically entails controversies between promissory communities and their detractors, which thereby test the societal robustness of the promises, including their compatibility with society’s perceptions of the meaning and objectives of sustainability (Chateauraynaud 2011).

Papers in this session can include theoretical or empirical analyses of techno-scientific promising on topics such as (not an exclusive list):
•The interaction of discourse, institutions, and material artefacts in the construction of promises
•The creation, shaping, maintenance and policy role of the various promissory communities, including epistemic communities, networks congregated around “promise entrepreneurs”, ecomodernist and degrowth communities, etc.
•The spatial underpinnings and implications of promise-construction and community-creation (spatial limitations to promise-construction, impacts of promise-construction on the involved territories, at various spatial scales…)
•The role of public controversies: the dynamics between promise-construction and promise-deconstruction – between promissory communities and their contesters – in enhancing or undermining the societal robustness of promises
•Material, institutional implications (e.g. on the territories and communities designated to host R&D projects, prototypes and commercial projects) from promise-construction, including those from failed promises.

Markku Lehtonen (1); Tapio Litmanen (2)
(1) Pompeu Fabra University, (2) University of Jyväskylä

 
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1268 | 60 | Does Chernobyl Glow? | Fannie Frederikke Baden

In 2011, the Ukrainian government opened the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone up for tourism. The promise was for the space to become a reminder of the disaster and educate visitor’s attitudes towards nuclear power. Instead, this place of toxic cultural heritage became materialized not in opinions but in popular culture. It begs the question of whether Chernobyl as a space reshaped civic imagination or if civic imagination reshapes Chernobyl as a space and/or concept. It can be difficult to comprehend that a once progressive space will never be available for human-habitation ever again. The post-apocalyptic scenery of a decaying Soviet town becomes painstakingly beautiful, because when there is no hope left, at least you have beauty. _x000D_
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This presentation will discuss how the (previous) tourism in the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone affect and has been affected by popular culture. The presentation approaches several popular visual representations of the disaster with the use of Günther Anders’ Ten Theses on Chernobyl and Olga Gorinova’s term bleak joy. Rooted in eco-aesthetics, the presentation questions the government’s decision as a political force to open up a space which in itself can be difficult to understand for the layman, and how the lack of technological knowledge can create an even deeper trench between scientific realism and civic imagination, when discussing the future of nuclear power._x000D_
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Bio_x000D_
Fannie Frederikke Baden is a PhD student in Art History and Visual Studies at the department of Cultural Sciences at Lund University. She is currently working on her dissertation project, Nuclear Spectators, which questions the relation between nuclear, popular, and visual culture. She has a background in art history, intermedial studies and visual culture.

Fannie Frederikke Baden
Lund University

 
ID Abstract: 60

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1268 | 73 | Nuclear Weapons Test Site’s and the (Broken?) promises | Anton Öhman


This paper analyzes promises related to nuclear weapons test sites in the Pacific Ocean and the historical trajectory of activist knowledge production, such as citizen science and humanitarian witnessing

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A la luz de estas preocupaciones, es imperativo que los profesionales sanitarios en España actúen con precaución y vigilancia al prescribir orlistat, especialmente en personas con afecciones gastrointestinales preexistentes o deficiencias nutricionales.Unámonos en la lucha contra los trastornos relacionados con el orlistat para garantizar un futuro más sano y feliz para todos. orlistat aurovitas 120 mg 84 cápsulas.

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La disfunción eréctil (DE) es un problema generalizado que afecta a millones de hombres en España, obstaculizando su capacidad para disfrutar de una vida sexual sana y satisfactoria. cialis generico contrareembolso 24h Aunque los tabúes culturales y el estigma pueden desalentar las discusiones abiertas sobre esta afección, es esencial arrojar luz sobre la magnitud de este problema y las revolucionarias soluciones disponibles..

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. In line with Hanna Arndt, the political promise is understood as a special force of social constraint. Arendt’s view of promises as islands of certainty in an island of uncertainty (1958) can be related to the institution of Nuclear weapons test sites, how they were legitimized, and their subsequent treatment in separate regimes of knowledge. My case expertise, from which I draw analytic examples, is in the French Polynesian Centre d’expérimentation du Pacifique (C.E.P.) test sites at Moruroa, Hao, and Fangataufa atolls. _x000D_
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Here, promises were, around 1958, made on several levels. Progress, flourishing economy, affluence, and safety and security for local inhabitants were associated with the promise of nuclear technology, increased communications, and tourism in a speech by General De Gaulle in Papeete. A promise to leave the atoll test sites as they were when the center for the experiments was established was also made. Such promises came to be thought of and highlighted by people who increasingly questioned the sustainability, safety, and legitimacy of the test sites in the Pacific by articulating them as nuclear colonialism. In this paper, I describe the articulation and problematization of the possibility of betrayal of the historical promises connected to the nuclear weapons test sites.

Anton Öhman
Doctoral candidate, Lund university

 
ID Abstract: 73

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1268 | 156 | Unfolding dystopia: panic and crisis of legitimacy in the Italian public dealing with the nuclear decommissioning, 1986-97 | Mauro Elli

A lot of journalistic enquiries and an ad hoc national survey showed that the Chernobyl disaster had warped a lingering uneasiness of the Italian public with respect to nuclear technology into an all-out panic concerning the mere idea of physical proximity with nuclear-related artefacts. This public mood was cemented by the 1987 referenda which banned nuclear power as a source of energy. In fact, the overwhelming result against nuclear power, compared with a 65% general turnout, suggests that a significant share of Italian public opinion perceived that moment as a radical break which was offering the implicit promise that the nuclear issue had been solved. Of course, this was not the case. But the Italian public was dangerously left for some time cultivating this constructed promise into the expectation of a ‘de-nuclearized backyard’ for themselves – as many road signs of the time still read nowadays._x000D_
This contribution takes into consideration two case studies, namely the mobilisation against the supposed decision to use an abandoned mine at Pasquasia, Sicily, as a nuclear waste repository – a decision that actually did never occur – and the agonising contrast about the destiny of liquid waste from Trisaia Nuclear Centre in Basilicata. The two cases show how local authorities and at least part of the judiciary critically contributed to the delegitimization of nuclear experts. Following a dystopian scenario, no credibility was acknowledged to them since they were represented as part of an elusive complex of powerful vested interests. This process, in the context of the ‘panic from nuclear proximity’, effectively hamstrung the decommissioning of Trisaia, leading in one case to opt for a course which was not considered technically appropriate from the point of view of radiological safety. _x000D_

Mauro Elli
Department of Historical Studies – State University of Milan

 
ID Abstract: 156

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