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1244 | 607 | A geopolitical dimension of the Mar Menor coastal lagoon disaster | Darío Salinas Palacios

Spain is affected by several water risks related to intensive irrigated agriculture and massive urbanisation. The Mar Menor (located in the Region of Murcia,) the largest hypersaline coastal lagoon of the Mediterranean basin, has faced multiple water-related challenges, including water pollution, eutrophication and over-extraction of groundwater, which have led to its ecological and environmental degradation. The intensive agriculture developed since the 1970s in the surrounding areas supported by the Tagus-Segura water transfer and groundwater pumping, combined with poor water management practices, have led to the contamination of groundwater and surface waters eventually flowing into the lagoon. Additionally, the massive and uncontrolled urbanisation in the area increases environmental pressure due to the poor wastewater management and the loss of natural habitats. Climate change is also exacerbating floods and droughts, which are affecting water availability in the area. The real state and agricultural sectors have been the main drivers of the Region of Murcia’s economic development, allowing the emergence of a major regional lobby. However, the consequences of the environmental degradation of the lagoon on the local tourist economy have recently encouraged an important civil society mobilisation, leading to strong political rivalries between the conservative regional government and the progressive national government. Environmental issues and water management approaches related to these socio-economic dynamics are being addressed in Spain by the different political parties and policy-makers in different ways depending on their ideologies and according to their local or national priorities. Hence, the purpose of this paper is to assess the geopolitical risks of the Mar Menor as an example of an environmental and economic crisis but also of a geopolitical one because it involves multiple stakeholders with divergent interests, representations and strategies.

Darío Salinas Palacios
CEO Cassini Spain – Associate researcher (French Institut of Geopolitics)

 
ID Abstract: 607

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1244 | 578 | La construction hydro-sociale des infrastructures de gestion des risques liés à l’eau dans la plaine de Grenoble. De l’importance d’identifier des régimes de pratiques soutenables pour faire face aux défis de l’anthropocène. | Antoine Brochet ; Jean-Dominique Creutin ; Yvan Renou

Le développement de l’agglomération grenobloise est intimement lié à la question de l’eau. Jusqu’au 19ème siècle, l’eau est avant tout une menace (inondations). Cependant, les inondations sont également bienfaitrices grâce à l’apport en limons qui a fait de la vallée du Grésivaudan une des plus fertiles de France. Les ingénieurs d’État ont progressivement procédé à une mise en infrastructure des deux rivières grenobloises. Des digues ont été érigées qui, en prévenant le risque d’inondation, ont produit ou accentué d’autres risques, par exemple les risques sanitaires et économiques liés à la stagnation de l’eau. En réponse, des infrastructures de drainage ont été aménagées qui ont séparé de façon définitive la terre et l’eau. Ceci a permis l’artificialisation des terres et le développement urbain de la plaine. Au cours du 20ème siècle, l’eau est devenue une ressource pour le développement de l’agglomération (hydroélectricité, plus récemment nanotechnologies). Cette seconde génération d’infrastructures a néanmoins produit de nouveaux risques liés à l’eau (sécheresse, perte de biodiversité, etc.) qui deviennent critiques dans le contexte de changement climatique. Aujourd’hui, l’action publique tend à évoluer dans la plaine de Grenoble. Des Solutions Fondées sur la Nature sont mises en œuvre pour tenter de concilier gestion des risques liés à l’eau et reconquête des milieux aquatiques. Dans cette communication, nous focalisons l’analyse sur les infrastructures de gestion des risques liés à l’eau, en étudiant comment celles-ci reconfigurent les pratiques hydro-sociales. L’idée défendue est que pour assurer un futur soutenable, la transformation des infrastructures « par le haut » (au travers de grands projets d’infrastructures) ne suffit pas. Il faut également transformer les pratiques hydro-sociales territorialisées qui sont imbriquées aux infrastructures. Pour appuyer notre démonstration, nous mobilisons le champ des théories hydro-sociales (Boelens ; Swyngedouw…)

Antoine Brochet ; Jean-Dominique Creutin ; Yvan Renou
Institut des Géosciences de l’Environnement (CNRS) – Grenoble

 
ID Abstract: 578

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1244 | 362 | ‘One river, two systems’: Stream management in Hong Kong | Yixin Cao, Karl Matthias Wantzen

Hong Kong (HK), one of the world’s most densely populated areas, has however 40% of its land protected as Country Parks. It is also home to over 200 rivers and streams covering roughly 2,500 km in length. Most of the urban streams have been transformed into artificial canals, to which the society pays little attention. Since 2015, Hong Kong’s Drainage Services Department (DSD) has initiated several river revitalization projects to enhance rivers’ ecological functions and reintegrate rivers into society. This study employs mixed research methods, including literature and policy analysis, expert interviews, field visits, and a public survey, to examine Hong Kong’s river management structure and identify key-related issues. The findings reveal a fragmented management scheme, characterized by a ‘one river, two systems’ strategy – the Water Supplies Department (WSD) impounds upland streams as reservoirs for local use, which are protected due to the location inside Country Parks; while DSD manages heavily culverted and channelized downstream (which fall outside the boundary of Country Parks), serving as storm drains with diminished ecosystem integrity. Cross-departmental collaboration between upstream and downstream is lacking. Freshwater biodiversity conservation in Hong Kong remains rudimentary, with fish and macroinvertebrates entirely neglected. The designation of Ecologically Important Streams (EIS) is insufficient for conservating biodiversity; no bio-monitoring measures for water quality exist. DSD’s river revitalization efforts have only achieved limited success, with ecological measures appearing merely «cosmetic». Our survey (102 completed questionnaires) reveals diverse recreational interactions with rivers, but only 20% of respondents were aware of river revitalization. Nonetheless, the study shows a high public willingness to participate in river management. Finally, we provide suggestions for managing the rivers as social-ecological systems.

Yixin Cao, Karl Matthias Wantzen
Interdisciplinary Research Center of Cities, Territories, Environment and Society (UMR CNRS 7324 CITERES), University of Tours, France

 
ID Abstract: 362

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1244 | 482 | Wetlands and the sacred: which spatial mediations, which geographical links ? | Bertrand Sajaloli*, Etienne Grésillon** et Laura Verdelli***

The natural landscape and the different elements of nature as water form a mediation or a link, between the down here and the beyond, between the believer and the divine. The issue here is not so much the way in which religions or spiritualities grasp the environment, but rather to look at how believers use environmental forms to access the divine. The sources and experiences of the sacred are determined by, or even subjected to, specific ecologies and typologies in ways that are simultaneously social, psychological, cultural, geographic and historical. We observe the spiritual potentiality of many environmental forms. For example, swamps – organic miasmas, ecosystems of chaos – combine the pair dread-fear with the dichotomy death-life: these marshlands call forth the disquieting supernatural, Charon, the mythological ferryman of Hades, as well as the witches and warlocks of lore that are associated with the vast European wetlands. Conversely, the running water of the rivers is associated with purity and facilitates access to the divine. In all religions, it motivates pilgrimages and determines specific types of urbanities._x000D_
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We will define how the sacred is a space mediation. We will insist on the diversity of the sacral functions of water and how these functions contribute to the urban and rural fabric. Particular attention will be paid to the mutations that occurred in the spiritual perceptions of wetlands during the 19th, 20th and 21st centuries, and this in the three religions of the Book but also in the context of Indian Hinduism. The spatial hypothesis is that the spiritual, guiding the perceptions and representations of space, is a factor acting on the modes of valuation of water places, and in fine on their ecological and geographical destiny. The geohistorical hypothesis tends to link the systems, notably hydraulic, of valorisation of wetlands with spiritual representation._x000D_

Bertrand Sajaloli*, Etienne Grésillon** et Laura Verdelli***
* Université d’Orléans (France), CEDETE, Groupe d’Histoire des Zones Humides : ** Université de Paris (France), LADYSS ; *** Université de Tours (France), CITERES, Groupe d’Histoire des Zones humides

 
ID Abstract: 482

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1244 | 564 | How can we improve water management on national, regional and global level? | Svetlana Vorobieva


In the ongoing Anthropocene period, the necessity to develop an efficient water management is becoming crucial. However, as the author argues, the sustainable water management does not require an international organization with broad powers and strict regulations. It could be more useful for the international community to develop soft law in this field and focus on improving governance at the regional level. The paper delves into deficiencies of water management models on national, regional ang global levels and propose measures to improve them. First, it explores how sovereign countries can contribute to the overall improvement of water resources, since all water bodies are interconnected due to the water cycle. A state government develops and implements programs for the rationalization of water usage on national level, which consequently mitigate the effects of global climate change in the hydrosphere. The author then examines a role of regional cooperation in improving the quality of water sources. The analysis of such cases as the Syr Darya–Amu Darya and Tigris–Euphrates river systems uncovers the conditions for reducing the regional conflict potential

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En el ámbito de la sanidad española, donde reinan el bienestar holístico y la atención centrada en el paciente, la integración de Aldactone en el arsenal terapéutico para la disfunción eréctil representa un cambio de paradigma hacia enfoques terapéuticos personalizados e integrales. aldactone 100 mg Al comprender el papel de Aldactone en el tratamiento de la disfunción eréctil y sus beneficios en la mejora de la salud sexual, las personas en España pueden tomar medidas proactivas para recuperar su vitalidad y disfrutar de relaciones íntimas satisfactorias..

. The researcher also sheds light on the lack of authority of the World Water Council, UN Water Resources and UNESCO in implementation of their recommendations. With sovereign states reluctant to sign framework agreements which include specific mechanisms, it makes more sense to opt for the enhancement of already existing water management schemes, then to elaborate a separate international legislation.

Svetlana Vorobieva
Russian Geographical Society

 
ID Abstract: 564

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1244 | 570 | WaterSphere: A new semiosis of Water. | Alessandro Livraghi

My research is structured around water with the aim of developing a new conception of it in the Parisian Basin, inducing new relational forms with the non-human and encouraging a transformation that leads us to consider the Seine and the Bièvre Rivers no longer as Resources, but as Sources. The change in meaning is notable since a Resource is a means to meet a given need, whereas a Source takes on an identity value in itself since it is an original entity, a first cause permeated by its own subjectivity. The debate is more topical than ever and implies a rediscovery of the tools of the sensitive. _x000D_
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When we look at the world through technique, we pin a reality composed of different singularities to the observer’s point of view alone. Every qualitative difference is cancelled out. The architecture, or rather the water infrastructure, of today is the bearer of this, aimed only at exploitation and heedless of the barriers it creates that prevent us from having a more intimate relationship with water._x000D_
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Instead, when we sense the world, we come into contact with different and transversal perceptions that never give a single semblance of reality. In a world characterised by fluidity and metamorphosis, sensitivity is the only one that can make us understand the relational nature of entities and their evolution. When water acquires a personality and all its nuances are grasped, it becomes an integral part of human language and action. The forms of territorial government are influenced by it: 68 of the 101 French administrative departments have hydronyms._x000D_
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What is needed is the creation of a new chimerical cosmological framework that conceives of water as a new ethical and territorial Body, which man needs in order to organize reality and coordinate its planning, within an operational hydrodynamic coherence._x000D_

Alessandro Livraghi
Doctorant at LéaV – ENSA Versailles + CY Cergy Paris Université EUR PSGS-HCH (FR)

 
ID Abstract: 570

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1244 | 312 | Putting water at the centre: River contracts as tool for developing a hydrophilic encounter and community-based awareness in north-east Italy | Anna Brusarosco, Francesco Visentin

The failure of policies often depends by the unidirectional decision-making mechanisms and the delegation of the elaboration of territorial policies that prevent the assumption of a sense of collective responsibility by the actors involved. Thus, EU authority increasingly recognise that effective water policies require bottom-up, inclusive decision-making and growing awareness. River contracts (RCs) are voluntary agreements between stakeholders for managing water bodies, a tool aimed at applying a new governance system for sustainable development through an integrated approach between local development and environmental protection, based on a participatory process. RCs explicit objectives are mainly related to mitigation and prevention of hydrogeological risk, restoration of ecosystems, waterscapes enhancement. Therefore bringing water awareness into communities it is equally a priority and also favoring ‘hydrophilic encounters’ for exploring fluvial senses of place. _x000D_
This research, rooted on a variety of methods and activities realized to support the Regional RCs Board of Friuli Venezia Giulia Region (north-east Italy), investigates if RCs could be considered participatory processes developed to achieve co-designed outcomes or simply territorial management projects that objectify the river. The ongoing research-action is studying the RCs’ potential to be tools not only for water management but also for developing a community-based sense of place and responsibility towards water bodies. To be so, RC has to be implemented as a process rather than a project and has to involve all actors connected to water body (included the water body itself), considering also space and time as relevant variables. This enables citizens to shift from simply being passive recipients of policies to becoming actual community of practice which take the co-responsibility to address the damage caused to water bodies, putting water at the centre of its identity and sense of place._x000D_
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Anna Brusarosco, Francesco Visentin
Dipartimento di Lingue e letterature, comunicazione, formazione e società – DILL, Università degli studi di Udine, Udine, Italy

 
ID Abstract: 312

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1244 | 41 | Water management and decentralization: an analysis of the dysfunctions and challenges of the Ebro basin in Catalonia | Albert Santasusagna Riu

The sustainable, integrated, representative and participatory management of water is one of the main challenges faced by governments worldwide, especially in those countries and regions where water resources are not abundant. In southern Europe, the Ebro river basin is one of the largest, occupying almost 20% of Spain’s peninsular territory. Its unitary management dates back to the beginning of the twentieth century, with the creation of the Ebro River Basin Confederation. As the Spanish State has decentralised, the granting of powers in matters related to water has adhered to the principle of basin unity, thus giving rise to intra- and inter-community basins. The main objective of this study is to examine the specific case of water management in Catalonia, specifically in the territory assigned to the State water organization of the Ebro River Basin Confederation. To do so, the study has employed a methodology based on the bibliographic review of scientific, technical and legal documentation, as well as on a series of interviews conducted with professional experts in fluvial ecology and representatives of the water organizations operating in the study area (namely, the Catalan Water Agency and the Ebro River Basin Confederation). The resulting characterization of the administrative functioning of the Catalan part of the Ebro basin highlights the distribution of powers, existing dysfunctions, immediate challenges and future approaches that might be adopted in orienting Catalonia’s self-government policies.

Albert Santasusagna Riu
University of Barcelona

 
ID Abstract: 41

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1244 | 114 | L’eau dans l’Anthropocène entre risque et ressource : de nouvelles formes d’aménagement le long des cours d’eau urbains ? | Sylvain Rode

De nombreuses rivières urbaines en France ont fait l’objet d’opérations de reconquête qui ont consisté avant tout en le réaménagement de leurs berges pour en faire des espaces publics attractifs. Au-delà des grandes opérations emblématiques dans les zones centrales des métropoles – les berges du Rhône et de la Saône à Lyon, les berges de la Garonne à Bordeaux, les berges de la Seine à Paris, etc. – cette communication souhaite interroger des projets de reconquête plus modestes aujourd’hui à l’œuvre dans des villes petites ou moyennes et/ou sur de petits cours d’eau urbains afin d’en mesurer les singularités. Il s’agit de décrypter les enjeux multiples d’aménagement que s’efforcent de traiter simultanément des projets qui prennent pour point de départ la question du risque d’inondation et y répondent en décidant de désurbaniser des espaces proches de la rivière. Comment ces espaces riverains des cours d’eau sont-ils réaménagés ? Ces projets parviennent-ils à articuler enjeux de gestion du risque d’inondation (réduction de la vulnérabilité, amélioration de la résilience), enjeux écologiques (restauration de la continuité écologique, recréation de zones humides) et sociétaux (nouvelles fonctions, nouveaux usages, ouverture au public, appropriation par les usagers) ? L’aménagement de nouveaux espaces publics le long de ces cours d’eau urbains n’est-il pas justement le support et le moyen de cette articulation des différents enjeux ? Nous nous efforcerons de montrer qu’à travers ces projets s’exprime une vision renouvelée des rivières urbaines et de leur (a)ménagement.

Sylvain Rode
Université de Perpignan Via Domitia

 
ID Abstract: 114

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1244 | 118 | Spacing Hinterland Water for Algiers City (Algeria) | Dr MEDJADJ Tarek

Of all the kinds of relationship, the one that links man with water is considered as profound and serious in geographical surveys. Yet in the past, the greatest threat to agriculture was a major problem, the attention of people is now captured by water in cities. The increasing need of water in Algiers is due to the growth of population and urbanism. On the other hand, there is a rise in water needs per capita. This problem didn’t arise during the last decades, but today the situation is no longer the same. It’s a considerable challenge for the capital Algiers, especially for the next generations. Using a geo-history method, which consists in studying the evolution of hinterland water space in time, we will direct our research towards the exposure of the influences exerted by the increase of water needs in the zone of study. The finality of the work is to identify the water resources around the Algiers City and that arises from the spacing of evolution hinterland water. We will obtain valuable information about the extension, the distance of the hinterland water supplier from the city of Algiers. The expected results of this work is to determine the hinterland which can be counted on to supply the city of Algiers with drinking water in the medium and long term. Finally, we can think of hydraulic planning and development based on the principles of sustainable development. This with the aim of proposing solutions to current problems and ensuring the needs of future generations._x000D_
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Dr MEDJADJ Tarek
University of M’sila

 
ID Abstract: 118

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